If you need to force the disk check of a non root partition you just need to unmount it and run fsck. If you need to force the root file system check though you either use a liveUSB distro or need to adopt one of the following caveats in order to force the automated filesystem check at reboot:

a) using /forcefsck

By creating /forcefsck file you will force the Linux system to perform a full file system check. Create a file called forcefsck: sudo touch /forcefsck Now reboot the system

b) using shutdown command

The -F option force fsck on reboot, login as root and type the following command to reboot and run fsck: # sudo shutdown -rF now